ΠΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²: Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°: ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° 7 Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ?
ΠΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 50 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ.Β
ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ:Β ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅.
ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄:Β ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΄Π°Π»Ρ.
Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½:Β ΡΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠ³Π΅Ρ Π±Π΅Π· Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ:Β Π±Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠΉΡΠ°.
ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄:Β Π³Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π΅Ρ Π±Π΅Π· Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ.
Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½:Β Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ:Β ΡΠΉΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅.
ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄:Β ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ.
Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½:Β ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ:Β ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅.
Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½:Β ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ:Β Π±Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠΉΡΠ°.
ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄:Β ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ.
Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½:Β Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΆΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ:Β ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄:Β ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ².
Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½:Β ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ:Β Π±Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠΉΡΠ°.
ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄:Β ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ»Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½:Β ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π³ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°: ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ:
- Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½;
- Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ;
- Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ;
- Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ;
- ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ:
- ΡΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΌΡ;
- Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ;
- ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅;
- Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°;
- Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ;
- ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°.
- ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΉ:
- Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²;
- ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ;
- ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ.
ΠΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ
Π―ΠΉΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅
ΠΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ:Β ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ (ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°, Π±ΡΠΎΠΊΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ), ΡΠΉΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ).
1. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅Β ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ.
2. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ.Β ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π΄Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ.
3. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ 3β4Β ΡΠΉΡΠ°.
4. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ β Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ.
5. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ).
6. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°
ΠΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ:Β ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°.
1. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠ»ΡΡΒ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π²Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ.
2. ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
Π² Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 180β200 Β° C ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 40 ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ.
3. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ Ρ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅Π·Π·ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ:Β ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΆΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΄Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ.
1. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ.
2. Π‘Π»Π΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ.
3. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
4. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Ρ.
5. Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ.
6. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ.Β ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΡ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²

Π£Π³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°.
Π ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² β ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ.
ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ² Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²:
- ΠΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ°: ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π΄ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠ±ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ.
- ΠΡΠ±Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ±Π°, ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ: ΠΊΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°.
- ΠΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ: ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³, ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ β ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
- Π―ΠΉΡΠ°.
- ΠΡΠΈΠ±Ρ.
- ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ³ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΡ, Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΉ Π»ΡΠΊ, Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π±Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°, Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ.
- ΠΠ· ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ±Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ, Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ : Π±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠ»ΡΠΊΠ²Π°, ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°.
- ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ: Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π±Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎ β ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠ°, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ, Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ, ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π²Π΅Π΄Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
ΠΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π² Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠ° Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π·Π΄ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° β ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ°.
Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅:
ΠΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅
ΠΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ:  10.11.2015 Β© ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°
10 ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ . Π ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, Π²Π΅Π΄Ρ Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²Π»Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ-Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°: Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
Π‘ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ?
ΠΡ 45 Π΄ΠΎ 65 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π° Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ 2000 ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ 900 Π΄ΠΎ 1300 ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ 225 Π΄ΠΎ 325 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ , Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ , Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ . ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΅ Π΄ΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ· β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ· Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 50 Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ . Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Π· ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π» Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ. Π£Π³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° β Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Ρ
ΠΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ,Β ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊΒ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π΄Π²Π° Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ, Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈ Π² Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°
ΠΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ: ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΊ. ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°, Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π²Π·Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ.
1. Π’Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π²ΡΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ.
2. Π ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π΅Ρ
ΠΠ·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ — Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ Π²Π΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Ρ , ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ.
3. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ², Π° Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
4. Π’Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ , Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
5. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² — Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ·ΠΎ ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ°Ρ Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ.
6. Π£ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠ°
ΠΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Β ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΡ , βΠΏΡΡΡΡΡ β ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ Π»Π΅Π±Π° ΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°.
7. Π’Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ².
8. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ±, Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°. Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ — ΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
9. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ° — ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²


ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ β ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΅. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π» Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡ ΠΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ 1970 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅: Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 3ΠΊΠ³ Π² Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΠ°.
Π‘ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡ , Π²Π΅Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Β«ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ» ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ β Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² β ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ, ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Ρ, ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ:
- Π‘Π°Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ, Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
- ΠΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π΅ Π² ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡ β Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ . ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Β«ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉΒ» Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅, Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°.
ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π°ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π±Π»ΡΠ΄. ΠΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΡ , ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΡΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΡ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ. Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ», Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ 1200ΠΊΠΊΠ°Π», ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ β 2000ΠΊΠΊΠ°Π».
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ


Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ β ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΉΡΠ°. ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ, Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.
Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ 2-3 Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠ±Ρ, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π»Π΅Π±, ΡΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ° 3-4 Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΡΡΠΏ, Ρ Π»Π΅Π±.
Π₯ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ β Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ.
ΠΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅. Π Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
Π‘ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡ.
Π’Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ , Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ.Π΅. 5Π³ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ 10-12Ρ.Π΅. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ 40Ρ.Π΅.
ΠΠ°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° | Π£.Π΅. Π² 100Π³ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° |
---|---|
ΠΡΡΠΏΡ | |
Π ΠΈΡ | 17,5 |
ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΡ | 17 |
ΠΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ | 16 |
ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ | 13,5 |
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ | 13 |
ΠΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° | 11 |
Π‘ΡΡ ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ | 11 |
Π₯Π»Π΅Π± Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΉ | 10 |
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ | 9,5 |
Π ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ | 6 |
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ΅ | 5 |
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ | 5 |
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ | |
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ | 3,5 |
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ | 1 |
ΠΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ | 1 |
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ | 1 |
Π‘ΡΡ (ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΄Π΅Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΉ), ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π° | 0 |
ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΉΡΠ° | 0 |
ΠΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ (ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½) | 0 |
ΠΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ | |
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½, ΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π»ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅, ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° | 0 |
Π ΡΠ±Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ | |
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° | 1,5 |
Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ-ΡΡΠ±Π°, Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅ | 0 |
ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ | |
ΠΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°, Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°, Π»ΡΠΊ, ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ, ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ-Π»Π°ΡΡΠΊ, Π³ΡΠΈΠ±Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΡ | 0 |
ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ | 1 |
Π€Π°ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ | 1,5 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ | 2 |
ΠΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ | 3 |
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ | 3,5 |
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ | 7,5 |
Π€ΡΡΠΊΡΡ | |
ΠΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ | 13 |
ΠΠ·ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ | 13 |
Π€ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ | 12,5 |
Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ | 8 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½Π°Π½Ρ | 4 |
Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π΄ | 3 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ | 2,5 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ | 2 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ | 2 |
Π‘ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΡΠΈ | 2 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡ | 1,5 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ | 1,5 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ | 1,5 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΏΡΡΡΡ | 1 |
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΈ | 1 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° | 1 |
Π‘Π²Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° | 1 |
ΠΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ | |
ΠΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ | 2,5 |
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ | 1,5 |
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡ | 1,5 |
ΠΠΈΠ½Π΄Π°Π»Ρ | 1 |
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ | 1 |
Π‘Π°Ρ Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ | |
Π‘Π°Ρ Π°Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΉ | 21 |
ΠΠ΅Π΄ | 15,5 |
ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ | 14 |
ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π΄ | 14 |
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡ | |
ΠΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ | 17,5 |
ΠΡΠΈΡ | 14 |
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΄ | 12 |
ΠΠ΅Π·Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ | |
ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΄ | 15,5 |
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ | 2,5 |
ΠΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ | 2 |
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΠ° | 1,5 |
ΠΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ | 1 |
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊ | 1 |
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° | 0 |
ΠΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ | |
Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΡ | 7 |
ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ΅ | 5 |
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ | 4 |
Π‘ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ | 4 |
ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΎ | 2 |
Π‘ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΉ | 2 |
ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΠ²ΠΎ | 1,5 |
Π‘ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Ρ | |
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ | 5 |
ΠΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π΅Π· | 3 |
Π‘ΡΠΏΡ | |
ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΏ | 1,5 |
ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΏ Ρ Π»Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉ | 1 |
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ


ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ 1.
- ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ: ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄: ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡ, ΡΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ: ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ.
- Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½: ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ±Π°, ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ 2.
- ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ: ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄: Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ: ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ.
- Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½: ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ 3.
- ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ: ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄: ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΏ, ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ: Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½
- Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½: ΡΡΠΊΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ 4.
- ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ: ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄: ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΏ, Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ±Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ: ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ².
- Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½: Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ 5.
- ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ: ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄: ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ: Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡ.
- Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½: ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ±Π°, Π±ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π» ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°.
ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ 6.
- ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ: ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΉΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄: ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ: Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½.
- Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½: ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ±Π°.
ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ 7.
- ΠΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΊ: ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π±Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅.
- ΠΠ±Π΅Π΄: ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΉ.
- ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ: ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎ.
- Π£ΠΆΠΈΠ½: ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ


ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π²ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π²ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ.
ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ . ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π³ΡΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ 20% ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ Π½Π° 15%. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ.
ΠΠ±Π΅Π·Π²ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΡ β ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.
Π ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΡ. Π£ ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π° Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ΅Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ, Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ β ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°.
ΠΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Π Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, Π² Ρ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ β ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
90000 Uses, health benefits, and risks 90001 90002 Carbohydrates, or saccharides, are biomolecules. The four major classes of biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleotides, and lipids. Carbohydrates are the most abundant of the four. 90003 90002 Also known as «carbs,» carbohydrates have several roles in living organisms, including energy transportation. They are also structural components of plants and insects. 90003 90002 Carbohydrate derivatives are involved in reproduction, the immune system, the development of disease, and blood clotting.90003 90008 Fast facts on carbohydrates 90009 90010 90011 «Saccharide» is another word for «carbohydrate.» 90012 90011 Foods high in carbohydrates include bread, pasta, beans, potatoes, rice, and cereals. 90012 90011 One gram of carbohydrate contains approximately 4 kilocalories 90012 90011 High glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates quickly enter the bloodstream as glucose 90012 90011 Switching to a low-GI diet improves the chance of a healthy weight and lifestyle 90012 90021 90002 Carbohydrates, also known as saccharides or carbs, are sugars or starches.They are a major food source and a key form of energy for most organisms. 90003 90002 They consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. 90003 90002 Two basic compounds make up carbohydrates: 90003 90002 90029 Aldehydes 90030: These are double-bonded carbon and oxygen atoms, plus a hydrogen atom. 90003 90002 90029 Ketones 90030: These are double-bonded carbon and oxygen atoms, plus two additional carbon atoms. 90003 90002 Carbs can combine together to form polymers, or chains. 90003 90002 These polymers can function as: 90003 90010 90011 long-term food storage molecules 90012 90011 protective membranes for organisms and cells 90012 90011 the main structural support for plants 90012 90021 90002 Most organic matter on earth is made up of carbohydrates.They are involved in many aspects of life. 90003 90002 There are various types of carbohydrate. They include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. 90003 90008 Monosaccharides 90009 90002 This is the smallest possible sugar unit. Examples include glucose, galactose, or fructose. Glucose is a major source of energy for a cell. «Blood sugar» means «glucose in the blood.» 90003 90002 In human nutrition, these include: 90003 90010 90011 galactose, most readily available in milk and dairy products 90012 90011 fructose, mostly in vegetables and fruit 90012 90021 90008 Disaccharides 90009 90002 Disaccharides are two monosaccharide molecules bonded together, for example, lactose, maltose, and sucrose.90003 90002 Bonding one glucose molecule with a galactose molecule produces lactose. Lactose is commonly found in milk. 90003 90002 Bonding one glucose molecule with a fructose molecule, produces a sucrose molecule. 90003 90002 Sucrose is found in table sugar. It is often results from photosynthesis, when sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll reacts with other compounds in plants. 90003 90008 Polysaccharides 90009 90002 Different polysaccharides act as food stores in plants and animals. They also play a structural role in the plant cell wall and the tough outer skeleton of insects.90003 90002 Polysaccharides are a chain of two or more monosaccharides. 90003 90002 The chain may be: 90003 90010 90011 branched, so that the molecule looks like a tree with branches and twigs 90012 90011 unbranched, where the molecule is a straight line 90012 90021 90002 Polysaccharide molecule chains may consist of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides. 90003 90002 Glycogen is a polysaccharide that humans and animals store in the liver and muscles. 90003 90002 Starches are glucose polymers that are made up of amylose and amylopectin.Rich sources include potatoes, rice, and wheat. Starches are not water soluble. Humans and animals digest them using amylase enzymes. 90003 90002 Cellulose is one of the main structural constituents of plants. Wood, paper, and cotton are mostly made of cellulose. 90003 90002 You may have heard about simple and complex carbohydrates. 90003 90002 Monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple carbohydrates, and polysaccharides are complex. 90003 90002 90029 Simple carbohydrates 90030 are sugars.They consist of just one or two molecules.They provide a rapid source of energy, but the consumer soon feels hungry again. Examples include white bread, sugars, and candies. 90003 90002 90029 Complex carbohydrates 90030 consist of long chains of sugar molecules. Wholegrains and foods that still have their fiber in are complex carbs. They tend to fill you up for longer, and they are considered more healthful, as they contain more vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Examples include fruits, vegetables, pulses, and wholemeal pasta.90003 90002 Bread, pasta, beans, potatoes, bran, rice, and cereals are carbohydrate-rich foods. Most carbohydrate-rich foods have a high starch content. Carbohydrates are the most common source of energy for most organisms, including humans. 90003 90002 We could get all our energy from fats and proteins if we had to. One gram of carbohydrate contains approximately 4 kilocalories (kcal), the same amount as protein. One gram of fat contains around 9 kcal. 90003 90002 However, carbohydrates have other important functions: 90003 90010 90011 the brain needs carbohydrates, specifically glucose, because neurons can not burn fat 90012 90011 dietary fiber is made of polysaccharides that our bodies do not digest 90012 90021 90002 The United States (U.S.) Dietary Guidelines 2015-2020 recommend obtaining 45 to 65 percent of energy needs from carbohydrates, and a maximum of 10 percent should come from simple carbohydrates, in other words, glucose and simple sugars. 90003 90002 Every couple of decades, some «breakthrough» appears, and people are advised to «avoid all fats,» or «avoid carbs.» 90003 90002 Carbohydrates have been, and will continue to be, an essential part of any human dietary requirement. 90003 90008 Carbs and obesity 90009 90002 Some argue that the global rise in obesity is linked to a high intake of carbs.However, a number of factors contribute to this problem: 90003 90002 These include: 90003 90010 90011 a reduction in physical activity 90012 90011 a higher consumption of junk food 90012 90011 a higher consumption of food additives, such as coloring, taste enhancers, and artificial emulsifiers 90012 90011 fewer hours sleep each night 90012 90011 a rise in living standards 90012 90021 90002 Stress may also be a factor. One study found that the molecule neuropeptide Y (NPY), which the body releases when stressed, can «unlock» Y2 receptors in the body’s fat cells, stimulating the cells to grow in size and number.90003 90002 Rapidly developing countries, such as China, India, Brazil, and Mexico, are seeing a rise in obesity, as living standards and dietary habits change. 90003 90002 When these populations were leaner, their diets were more carb-heavy than they are now. They also consumed more natural produce and less junk food, were more physically active, and slept longer each night. 90003 90008 What about diet foods? 90009 90002 Many promoters of high or low carb diets promote branded and processed products to as weight-loss aids, such as nutritional bars, powders.These often contain colorings, artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, and other additives, similar to junk foods. 90003 90002 If consumers of these products remain physically inactive, they may see some temporary weight loss, but when they quit the diet, the weight will go back on. 90003 90002 When a person consumes carbohydrates, the digestive system breaks some of them down into glucose.This glucose enters the blood and raises blood sugar, or glucose, levels. When blood glucose levels rise, beta cells in the pancreas release insulin.90003 90002 Insulin is a hormone that makes our cells absorb blood sugar for energy or storage. As the cells absorb the blood sugar, blood sugar levels start to drop. 90003 90002 When blood sugar levels drop below a certain point, alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that makes the liver release glycogen, a sugar stored in the liver. 90003 90002 In short, insulin and glucagon help maintain regular levels of blood glucose in cells, especially the brain cells. Insulin brings excess blood glucose levels down, while glucagon brings levels back up when they are too low.90003 90002 If blood glucose levels rise too rapidly, too often, the cells can eventually become faulty and not respond properly to insulin’s instructions. Over time, the cells need more insulin to react. We call this insulin resistance. 90003 90002 After producing high levels of insulin for many years, the beta cells in the pancreas can wear out. Insulin production drops. Eventually it can stop altogether. 90003 90008 Effects of insulin resistance 90009 90002 Insulin resistance can lead to a wide range of health problems, including: 90003 90002 This is known as metabolic syndrome, and it is linked to type 2 diabetes.90003 90008 Reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome 90009 90002 Long-term blood sugar control reduces the chances of developing metabolic syndrome. 90003 90002 Ways of doing this include: 90003 90010 90011 consuming natural carbohydrates 90012 90011 good sleeping habits 90012 90011 regular exercise 90012 90021 90002 The carbohydrates in fruits and vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and so on, tend to enter the bloodstream more slowly compared with the carbohydrates in processed foods. 90003 90002 The carbohydrates in junk and processed foods and drinks can cause a person to feel hungry again more quickly, because they cause glucose and insulin production levels to spike quickly.Natural foods that contain carbohydrates are less likely to do this. 90003 90002 The so-called Mediterranean diet is high in carbohydrates from natural sources plus a moderate amount of animal or fish protein. 90003 90002 This has a lower impact on insulin requirements and subsequent health problems, compared with the standard American diet. 90003 90002 Carbohydrates are needed for good health. Those that come from natural, unprocessed foods, such as fruit, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and some cereals also contain essential vitamins, minerals, fiber, and key phytonutrients.90003 90002 Carbohydrates that raise blood sugar quickly are said to be high on the glycemic index (GI), while those with a gentler effect on blood sugar levels have a lower GI score. 90003 90002 Carbohydrates enter the bloodstream as glucose at different rates. 90003 90010 90011 90029 High-GI carbs 90030 enter the bloodstream quickly as glucose 90012 90011 90029 Low-GI carbs 90030 enter slowly, because they take longer to digest and break down 90012 90021 90002 In the long term, low-GI foods, together with exercise and regular sleep, are better for maintaining health and body weight.90003 90002 Low GI carbohydrates are linked to: 90003 90010 90011 less weight gain 90012 90011 better control of diabetes and blood sugar 90012 90011 healthier blood cholesterol levels 90012 90011 lower risk of heart disease 90012 90011 better appetite control 90012 90011 enhance physical endurance 90012 90021 90002 One factor that increases the GI score of a food is the milling and grinding process, which often leaves no more than starchy endosperm, or the inner part of the seed or grain.This is mainly starch. 90003 90002 This process also eliminates other nutrients, such as minerals, vitamins, and dietary fibers. 90003 90002 To follow a low-GI diet, eat more unrefined foods, such as: 90003 90010 90011 oats, barley, or bran for breakfast, the less refined, the better 90012 90011 wholegrain bread 90012 90011 brown rice 90012 90011 plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables 90012 90011 fresh, whole fruit instead of juice 90012 90011 whole grain pasta 90012 90011 salads and raw vegetables 90012 90021 90002 Junk foods, processed foods, and foods with too many additives should be avoided.90003 90002 We need carbohydrates for health, but they must be the right kind of carbohydrate. 90003 90002 Following a well-balanced diet that includes unprocessed carbohydrates, and getting enough sleep and physical activity is more likely to lead to good health and an appropriate body weight than focusing on or eliminating a particular nutrient. 90003.90000 Guide to Healthy Carbohydrates 90001 90002 What are healthy carbohydrates for people with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes? 90003 90002 What are you supposed to be eating? Especially to keep your blood sugar levels in a healthy range? 90003 90002 These are common questions that can be confusing so let’s get straight to business and dig in and answer those questions now. 90003 90002 Let’s walk through some of the individual aspects of carbs and then we’ll wrap it up into something simple and practical that you can apply to your everyday life, okay? 90003 90002 90011 RANDOM FACT 90012 90003 90002 90011 The body has essential needs for amino acids (protein) and fats but there are no essential carbohydrates required! 90012 90003 90002 That’s a crazy fact, right! 90003 90002 Of course that does not mean we do live without carbohydrates, because we love carbohydrates of all kinds, a little too much most of the time.π 90003 90002 And, carbohydrates as a food group are one of the healthiest for us — they provide vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and compounds that are beneficial for our health. And they also provide fiber, too. 90003 90002 But … not all carbohydrates are created equal. And when it comes to maintaining healthy blood sugar levels, the type of carbs you choose is critical. 90003 90002 Thankfully though, there are healthy carbohydrates you can eat 90027 and 90028 keep blood sugar in a healthy range.90003 90030 Too Many Carbs Is The Issue 90031 90002 The average person consumes way too many carbohydrate foods — around 800 calories worth per day, according to one study comparing 158 countries! 90003 90002 The thing to understand, is that as a person with diabetes or prediabetes, carbohydrates are the type of food you need to get a good handle on. Why? 90003 90002 Because the amount of carbs you eat influences your blood sugar and A1C 90027 more than any other nutrient !! 90028 90003 90002 90041 90003 90002 Let’s take a look at a typical day on a Western diet plan: 90044 90003 90002 Breakfast: Toast with a glass of orange juice — carbs.90003 90002 Morning tea: 1 small blueberry muffin — carbs. 90003 90002 Lunch: A ham salad sandwich and a coke — carbs. 90003 90002 Afternoon tea: A packet of salt and vinegar chips and a choc chip cookie — carbs. 90003 90002 Dinner: Spaghetti pasta with a jar of sugar-filled bolognese sauce — carbs. 90003 90002 Dessert: 1/2 cup chocolate ice cream — carbs !! 90003 90002 Nutrition Breakdown Of The Average Menu 90003 90002 90061 90003 90002 As you can see, carbohydrates total to around 337 g for just one day eating such a menu.Even just one day like this is problematic, let alone eating that many carbs day in and day out. 90003 90002 It also provides very little in the way of nutritional quality. Studies indicate that while the average person tends to eat a lot these days we have rising levels of nutritional deficiencies, even in Western societies where food is ample! 90003 90002 And in terms of carbohydrates and diabetes, it’s been an interesting history. For many, 90027 many 90028 years, people with diabetes or prediabetes have been told to eat more carbohydrates and less protein and fat — that’s been a very common recommendation 90027 for decades 90028.Unfortunately, this is very problematic because as a diabetic you are essentially carbohydrate intolerant. Meaning, your body has lost the capacity to deal with glucose in the blood effectively. 90003 90002 While every person does have a different level of carb intolerance, a lower carb diet has proven the best method for lowering blood sugar and A1C levels. 90003 90030 How Carbs Affect Your Body 90031 90002 Let’s just get back to basics for a second and focus on how carbs influence your body.90003 90002 90011 The written explanation 90012 90003 90002 You eat carbohydrates -> Your body processes this and as a natural response your blood glucose rises -> Your pancreas releases the hormone insulin to lower your blood glucose -> As a diabetic you have an inability to uptake glucose into the cell effectively, which leaves your blood glucose high (this is called insulin resistance) -> More insulin in the bloodstream increases insulin resistance -> Insulin is also the fat storage hormone so all the excess glucose in your blood gets pushed into fat cells -> This increases triglycerides and cholesterol levels and increases inflammation causing more issues.-> So it can become a bit of a repetitive cycle. 90003 90002 90011 The video explanation 90012 90003 90002 Here’s a simple video that shows how the carbohydrates we eat triggers insulin. 90003 90002 90092 90093 90003 90002 90003 90002 The affect of carbohydrate intake on blood glucose occurs whether we have diabetes, prediabetes or not. Carbohydrates are carbohydrates. This is the natural physiological response of the body. But, as a person with diabetes or prediabetes, your ability to deal with the carbs is impaired.90003 90002 So how can you lower and control this high blood glucose? 90003 90101 90002 90027 90011 You have to change gears on the type of carbohydrates you eat. 90012 90028 90003 90108 90030 Carbohydrate Basics 90031 90002 When you think of carbohydrates, it probably brings to mind things like potatoes, rice, pasta and bread. And more than likely, many things on this common list of carb sources include processed and refined foods such as white bread, white pasta, and white rice, which are high energy carbohydrate foods that will spike your blood sugar much quicker than a complex carb.90003 90002 90011 Simple and Complex Carbs 90012 90003 90002 Simple sugars / carbs — refined white sugars, white flours, white breads, white pastas — these uptake into the bloodstream with little digestive processing needed, and therefore, they tend to spike blood sugar faster and higher. 90003 90002 Complex sugars / carbs — have to get processed and converted to glucose and take longer to enter the bloodstream. Complex carbohydrates are often higher in dietary fiber, and the fiber is there to slow digestion and absorption of glucose so that blood sugar raises slower and hormone levels stay more stable.90003 90002 Here’s a list of some of simple and complex carbs so you can see the difference between them: 90003 90011 Avoid ALL Simple Carbs 90012 90125 90126 sugar 90127 90126 white sugar 90127 90126 white flour 90127 90126 white bread 90127 90126 white pasta 90127 90126 soft drinks & sodas 90127 90126 energy drinks 90127 90126 fruit juices 90127 90126 many cereals 90127 90126 many crackers 90127 90126 many sauces and condiments 90127 90126 processed food 90127 90126 ice creams 90127 90126 cakes & cookies 90127 90126 pies 90127 90126 fruit 90127 90126 honey 90127 90160 Better Choices BUT there’s more to it (see below) 90125 90126 whole grains 90127 90126 whole grain breads 90127 90126 whole grain crackers like brown rice cakes 90127 90126 gluten free wholegrain pastas 90127 90126 brown rice 90127 90126 quinoa 90127 90126 buckwheat 90127 90126 vegetables — loads of them to choose from 90127 90126 beans and legumes such as: 90127 90126 chickpeas 90127 901 26 lentils 90127 90126 adzuki beans 90127 90126 borlotti beans 90127 90126 navy beans 90127 90126 wild rice 90127 90126 oats 90127 90126 sweet potato 90127 90160 90002 It’s good to be aware of what simple and complex carbs are because if you go read other websites you will notice that the carbohydrate advice for people with diabetes, often says to include complex carbs.And it certainly is true that complex carbs are a better choice than simple carbs. 90003 90002 However, what you need to know is that … 90003 90101 90002 90027 90011 All types of carbohydrates break down to glucose, period! 90012 90028 90003 90108 90002 Even if it takes longer to digest, the glucose is still going to end up in your bloodstream! 90003 90002 That means even complex carbs from things like grains can be problematic 90027 because 90028 they are high in carbohydrate content.So let’s dig even deeper to find out why and what your best choices are. 90003 90030 Complex Carb Choices 90031 90002 Basically you have 4 categories of complex carbs to choose from: 90003 90219 90126 Vegetables 90127 90126 Fruit 90127 90126 Whole grains 90127 90126 Beans and legumes 90127 90228 90002 Let’s cover each one of these categories in more detail. 90003 90030 Eat More Veggies 90031 90101 90002 90011 Vegetables are a complex carbohydrate! 90012 90003 90108 90002 90240 90003 90002 Most people do not think of vegetables when they think of carbs.90003 90002 However, vegetables are the type of carbs you really need to focus on eating more of, because they are more nutrient dense — meaning, they are full of vital vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other compounds that the body needs to fuel it’s optimal function. 90003 90002 Statistics show that only 8% of the population are eating the recommended 5 servings a day of vegetables, with 25% getting only one serve a day, and the rest … well they are not eating any veggies at all! 90003 90002 One serving of vegetables is equivalent to around half a cup.So 2.5 cups a day 90027 minimum 90028 is the main aim. With diabetes though, since you need to cut down on other complex high carb foods — potatoes, rice, bread, pasta — you should really be eating way more than 2.5 cups of veggies per day. 90003 90002 Vegetables contain so many valuable nutrients and compounds that can guard us against disease. They reduce energy density of the diet, helping you lose weight. They provide valuable fiber that helps promote healthy digestion, they help reduce sugar cravings, and they just make you feel great.90003 90002 90011 Vegetables are by far the very best form of carbohydrate for you to choose 90012, well at least most of them are. 90003 90002 90011 Types of Vegetables to Include & Avoid 90012 90003 INCLUDE 90125 90126 Green leafy veggies 90127 90126 Broccoli 90127 90126 Cauliflower 90127 90126 Cucumber 90127 90126 Tomatoes 90127 90126 Bell pepper 90127 90126 Leeks 90127 90126 Eggplant 90127 90126 Zucchini 90127 90126 Squash 90127 90126 Sugar snap peas (Snow peas) 90127 90126 And many others 90127 90160 90030 Fruit 90031 90002 Fruit is a natural food source so if you were to choose something sweet you’d be far better to choose a small piece of fruit.90003 90002 However, most fruit also happens to be a high source of carbohydrates. And despite commonly held assumptions that fruit juice is healthy, it’s not. 90003 90002 Fruit juice is a BIG NO NO! 90003 90002 It’s extremely high in sugar / carbs. 90003 90002 Take a look at this apple verse apple juice comparison. 90003 90002 90301 90003 90002 As you can see, eating the whole apple provides 19 g total carbs, 3 g fiber, 14 g sugar. Whereas, if you drink 1 cup apple juice, it sharply increases the carb and sugar count, and decreases fiber.90003 90002 All and all, when it comes to fruit, the best fruits for a diabetic are berries such as strawberries, raspberries, blueberries. These are lower carb options that will not have a great impact on blood sugar and A1c. You can have around 1/2 cup per serve. Berries make a nice dessert served with something like cottage cheese or yogurt. 90003 90002 90308 90003 90030 Whole Grains 90031 90002 Now we’ve already covered all the white processed forms of grains above. Things like white rice, white pasta, white bread, white flour, and packaged foods that often contain simple carbs, and sorry to say but these all have to get the cut.90003 90002 But what about whole grains? 90003 90002 Well, they are a complex carbohydrate and you can eat whole grains and count carbs and monitor your intake. 90011 BUT 90012 it is far, far easier to get better results if you 90011 AVOID ALL GRAINS! 90012 90003 90002 90027 Did you just say avoid all grains? 90028 90003 90002 Yes. 90003 90002 The American Diabetes Association 2017 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, state that: «whole-grain consumption is not associated with improvements in glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.»90003 90002 Or in other words, whole grains 90011 do not 90012 help you regulate blood sugar and A1c — that’s what the research clearly shows again and 90027 again 90028. There is 90011 no evidence 90012 to suggest whole grains benefit blood sugar 90027 in any way 90028, quite simply because they are a high carb food. And hopefully by now you are beginning to understand their strong influence on your numbers. 90003 90002 Eliminating grains, or at the very least cutting them down drastically, is initially a challenge for many people but if you 90027 REALLY 90028 want to control your blood sugar and avoid the progression of complications long term, then avoiding grains is the way to go.It also helps to un-complicate things for you, allowing you to enjoy your food more without having to worry so much about counting every single carb. 90003 90002 Sure, it’s an adjustment. But you certainly will not starve. 90003 90002 There are 90027 plenty 90028 of things you can still eat — if you’re stuck for ideas, check out our weekly meal plans. 90003 90350 DMPs Seedy Sandwich Buns | Grain Free, Low Carb 90351 DMPs Wholemeal Sandwich Bread | Grain Free, Low Carb 90002 90003 90002 Pictured above are two of our low carb breads — even without grains there is 90027 plenty 90028 to eat! 90003 90002 Anyway, let’s just get back to the whole grain debate for just one minute.90003 90002 Example 90003 90002 Let’s just say you want to have a couple of slices of toast for breakfast or some brown rice with dinner and you’re aiming to keep your carb count to 30 g per meal. 90003 90125 90126 Brown rice has a net carb count of 19 g per serve (1/2 cup). Now half a cup is not that much, and most people normally eat more than this (it’s easy to do). So you would have to measure your portion sizes AND keep a closer check on your blood sugar levels. NOTE: Total carbs minus fiber = net carbs.90127 90126 1 slice whole grain toast has a net carb count of 12.5-15 g per serve. So if you wanted to eat 2 slices that bumps you up to 25-30 g just for just the toast, 90027 without 90028 any toppings. 90127 90160 90002 What most people do not realize is that grain based foods are 90027 very high 90028 in carbohydrates. So avoiding them, at least for the most part, cuts out a majorly big hassle for you. And helps you control blood sugar and A1C levels much easier. 90003 90030 Beans & Legumes 90031 90002 Beans and legumes include things like adzuki beans, chickpeas, brown and red lentils, lima beans, borlotti beans, broad beans, fava beans, garbanzo, lima beans, navy beans, mung beans, and so forth.90003 90002 These do contain protein, but what many people do not realize is they are predominantly a carbohydrate food. 90003 90002 While beans and legumes are beneficial for feeding gut bacteria that support our health, you need to keep a 90027 tight 90028 limit on your portions. 90003 90002 90387 90003 90002 Here is the net carbs for some beans (per 1/4 cup): 90003 90125 90126 Edamame (young soy beans) — 1.75 g 90127 90126 Northern beans — 6 g 90127 90126 Pinto beans — 7.5 g 90127 90126 Lentils — 6 g 90127 90126 Navy beans — 7 g 90127 90126 Black beans — 6.5 g 90127 90126 Soy beans — 9 g 90127 90126 Chickpeas (Garbanzo) — 10 g 90127 90126 Red kidney beans — 7.5 g 90127 90160 90002 If you were to follow a truly low carb diet, you would exclude beans and legumes. 90003 90002 But, there is research to show that the soluble fiber and resistant starch in beans and legumes provide some great health benefits. They have a low glycemic index and are considered 90027 slow carbs 90028, so for most people, it’s okay to eat small portions of beans and legumes 90027 in moderation 90028 (1/4 cup per serve).90003 90002 The soluble fiber in beans and legumes will slow down the glucose uptake but keep in mind that the carbs still end up in the bloodstream. If you want to include beans and legumes, then limit them to 1/4 cup or maximum 1/2 cup per serving and choose the lower carb options as outlined above. That’s only going to be around 6-8 g net carbs per serve, and you can still include lots of veggies and some meat for a well-rounded meal. 90003 90002 Resistant starch is beneficial for fostering more good gut bacteria.90003 90002 Resistant starch is digested differently to other starches. It passes through the small intestine undigested — similar to soluble fiber. 90003 90002 It makes its way to the colon where it is then fermented by microbes that produce byproducts called short chain fatty acids — butyrate, acetate and propionate. These unique fatty acids feed healthy gut bacteria, along with playing important roles in lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism. 90003 90002 90011 TIP: 90012 To get the most resistant starch out of beans and legumes, it’s best to cook them and cool them, then reheat them if you wish to use them in a meal.The heating and cooling, increases the amount of resistant starch in them. 90003 90002 Note though, some people with diabetes will not be able to tolerate any beans or legumes. The only real way to know is to use your blood sugar monitor and assess how foods influence you. 90003 90002 90011 Please pin this info to share with others — then keep reading. π 90012 90003 90002 90438 90003 90440 What can I eat then? 90441 90002 Right now you may feel like you will not be able to eat anything. We assure you this is not true.90003 90002 It can take some adjustment, but there is still 90027 plenty 90028 you can eat. That’s exactly why we created an amazing low carb meal planning service, to help make eating a lot easier! 90003 90002 In any case, you probably have a few questions, like: 90003 90125 90126 What will I eat for breakfast? 90127 90126 What about bread? Can I still eat bread? 90127 90126 Or what’s the healthy amount of carbohydrates to eat? 90127 90160 90002 Let’s give a few brief answers now … 90003 90030 What will I eat for breakfast? 90031 90002 Breakfast cereals are off the list, at least the kind you find on the supermarket shelf.Yes, even things like wheat biscuits and whole grain options, and even oatmeal in many cases, we’ve already talked about why. 90003 90002 When it comes to bread, there’s no doubt that it’s something that everyone loves, but we can definitely live without it, plenty of people do. Of course, there are low carb bread options, too. 90003 90002 And of course, if you’re motivated to make your own breads, there are loads of low carb flours you can use instead. 90003 90002 90011 What are your breakfast options? 90012 90003 90002 We’ve been conditioned to think we need to eat cereal for breakfast because we have this idea in our head about what breakfast foods are, we’ve just been raised like that.90003 90002 But what you need to be eating for breakfast is a real wholesome meal loaded with good food. The beginning of the day is the most critical time to eat a good meal in order to sustain your energy, balance your hormones, and prevent sugar cravings and binge attacks later in the day. 90003 90002 90011 90027 The trick is to start thinking about breakfast differently. 90028 90012 90003 90002 Why not have egg muffins, make a low carb muesli, eat a chicken and vegetable soup for breakfast (yes, soup works well for breakfast!), Or have some eggs and veggies — like a mixed veggie omelet.90003 90484 Spinach & Tomato Egg Muffins 90485 Roasted Nut Muesli 90486 Low Carb Bircher Muesli 90002 Yes, it may sound strange and takes a while to get used to, but this is really how we’re meant to be eating (eating real food!) and you’ll find it gives you a much better start to the day. 90003 90440 Best Source Of Healthy Carbohydrates: The Run Down 90441 90002 Just to clarify what you’re aiming for in choosing healthy carbohydrate sources to manage your diabetes or prediabetes. 90003 90030 1.Eat more vegetables 90031 90002 Especially vegetables that grow above the ground such as green leafy veggies, broccoli, cauliflower, cucumber, tomato and so forth. 90003 90002 Vegetables are your number one main priority and inclusion — mainly non-starchy vegetables. There is such a wide variety to choose from that you will never get bored. The aim is a 90027 minimum 90028 of 5 serves a day — equal to about 2.5 cups, but you should easily be able to eat more. 90003 90030 2. Eat moderate carb vegetables in moderation 90031 90002 This includes veggies like pumpkin, beets, celeriac and turnip.90003 90030 3. Eat lower carb fruits 90031 90002 Berries such as strawberries, blackberries, blueberries, raspberries are the best options. Followed by passionfruit (1), cantaloupe / rockmelon (1/2 cup), guava (1), plum (1). 90003 90030 4. Limit beans and legumes 90031 90002 Remember beans and legumes are higher in carbs than protein so monitor your portions. Edamame (young soy beans) is the lowest carb option, followed by lentils, black beans and northern beans. 90003 90030 5. Exclude, or greatly limit, grain-based foods 90031 90002 Pasta, rice, noodles, crackers, cakes, pastries etc.This includes whole grain foods too. 90003 90030 6. Exclude, or greatly limit, starchy high carb vegetables 90031 90002 Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, plantain and corn. 90003 90002 As a rule do not displace vegetables for any other type of food, you must get those veggies for their super nutritional power! 90003 90002 If you stick to the above ‘rules’ for selecting healthy carbohydrates, you will find yourself having less struggles with lowering and maintaining blood sugar! 90003 90002 Please share this great resource around with other friends, family and colleagues who may need it.90003 90002 90011 P.S. You may also like to read: 90012 90003 90002 90003.90000 Why carbohydrates are very important for the brain 90001 90002 The human race is distinguished from other animals because it has the highest development of cognitive functions thanks to an evolved brain. This brain is about 1,400 grams in weight i.e., only about 2 per cent of the body weight. 90003 90002 But this has the highest consumption of energy and oxygen. An adult brain consumes about 20% of the oxygen supply to the body and almost 20% to 30% of the energy consumption of the body.A developing brain of an infant can use almost 50% of the energy used by the body. 90003 90002 90003 90002 The primary source of energy in the brain is glucose. Rarely, in glucose depleted situations, like fasting etc. it can use ketones to some extent for a limited period. Brain has a very high rate of metabolism, using ~ 5.6 milligramme glucose per 100 gram of brain tissue per minute. Dr Ashish Shrivastav, senior consultant neurosurgeon at Apollo Hospitals explained, «Carbohydrates are the only nutrients which can match this rate of energy requirement.However, the brain prefers to get its carbohydrates from carbohydrate rich whole foods rather than simple sugars. The cognitive functions or the thinking capabilities of the brain deteriorate if the glucose levels fall in the brain. A rapid relief can be obtained from carbohydrate rich whole foods. At the same time, glucose from simple sugars causes detrimental effect to the brain. Hence, glucose from whole food carbohydrates is essential in diet but excess simple carbohydrates are harmful. » 90003 90002 90003 90002 Fruits, vegetables and cereals or more scientifically, foods with low glycaemic index (a measure of the relative ease of sugar release from any food) is desirable.Food with high glycaemic index, for instance, white sugar or juices, are not the correct sources of carbohydrates. 90003 90002 In type two diabetes mellitus, there is a situation of «deprivation in the presence of excess». The glucose level remains high outside the cell but low inside it. Thus, the cells, esp. neurones / brain cells can not function properly. There is a unique metabolism in different types of bodily organs. Contrary to brain, the muscles require more proteins. The fat in our diet has been criticized a lot in recent times as being «The Villain».But fat is essential for many functions of our body. The membrane covering the nerves is made from fatty material. So, as always, there are no absolute positives or negatives. Carbohydrates are essential for our body, esp. for our brain, but in right quantity and of the right quality (i.e. from whole foods and of low glycaemic index). 90003 90002 90003 90002 Clinical nutritionist Tanu Arora explained, «Carbohydrates are one of the most important nutrients needed for healthy brains functioning.They are the main source of energy for brain. When carbs are eaten they are eventually digested and broken down into smaller sugars molecules called glucose. Carbohydrates significantly affect the mood and behaviour, they are equally important for mental health also. People who are on high fat, low carbohydrate diet for a year had more anxiety, depression, and anger than people on a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. Without sufficient glucose, the central nervous system suffers, which may cause dizziness or mental and physical weakness.If the body has insufficient carbohydrates, body consume protein for its energy source, which ultimately leads to burden on kidney also. People who do not consume enough carbohydrate may also suffer from insufficient fibre, which may cause digestive problems and constipation «. 90003 90002 90003 … .90000 Why Athletes Need Carbohydrates | TrainingPeaks 90001 90002 June 13, 2014 Β· BY Dr. Rick Kattouf 90003 90002 In today’s world of nutrition and sport, the word «carbohydrate» is like mentioning a four letter word. It seems that every other headline is talking about another food fad or the next latest and greatest low-carbohydrate diet. The majority of these diets and food fads are suggesting nutrition such as high-protein, high-fat and low-carbohydrate. For endurance athletes, the idea of ββburning fat rather than carbohydrates is gaining popularity.90003 90006 No Fuel or Low Fuel Strategies 90007 90002 Many of the athletes adopting the low-carbohydrate / high-protein, high-fat diets are also adopting a «no-fuel / low-fuel» strategy during exercise and training. Many times, these athletes thought process is, «Why should I put calories in during exercise? The less I eat during exercise, the more calories and fat I will burn. » Often times individuals are drawn towards such food fads and diets because they are looking for a fast weight loss.Sure, reducing carbohydrates can create fast weight loss, however the loss this is very temporary and the weight typically goes back on quickly. This is where an athlete should ask themselves if they are looking for «change» or if they want results; meaningful and sustainable results for a lifetime. There is a big difference between these two options. A food fad or diet that brings about a quick weight loss and then an even quicker weight gain did not bring about results. Rather, it simply brought about change.The body changed temporarily and then went right back. Instead, athletes should adopt a nutrition lifestyle that will produce meaningful and sustainable results for a lifetime. 90003 90006 The Fat Burning Myth 90007 90002 Many athletes avoid carbohydrates in an attempt to teach their body to burn fat as the major fuel source. The thinking has become that consuming carbohydrates and the ability to burn fat do not go together. The truth is that athletes can burn fat and consume carbohydrates.Always keep this statement in mind, «Fat burns in the carbohydrate flame.» Not only do carbohydrates provide energy for working muscles, they also assist in enabling fat metabolism. In short, carbohydrates need to be present in order for fat to be utilized for energy. 90003 90006 Avoid the Diet Carousel 90007 90002 Listening to the verbiage of many of these individuals that jump on the food fad and diet bandwagon there is a common theme. Say the high protein-high fat / low carbohydrate diet is called Diet-X.An individual will start Diet-X and they are super motivated. Then, within a very short period of time (sometimes as soon as one day or one week), many of these individuals will say something like the following when asked how the Diet-X is going, «Well, I am now 70/30 Diet-X. » What happened to All-In Diet-X? Well, what happened is that these individuals ‘bodies began screaming for carbohydrates and thankfully these individuals listened. They are not ignoring their body and they are feeding their body the carbohydrates that have been cut out.Of course, when their energy, performance and recovery are still not up to their expectations the 70/30 quickly becomes 60/40 and so on and so forth. 90003 90006 The Mental Benefits of Carbohydrates 90007 90002 The need for carbohydrates is not limited to the body. Glucose from carbohydrates is the fuel the brain uses to produce the energy that moves and motivates you. According to Dr. Carol Greenwood, «Not only does a diet lacking in carbohydrates cut off the brain’s main energy supply, a scarcity of glucose can impede the synthesis of acetylcholine, one of the brain’s key neurotransmitters.»When she tested the memory of older adults after they ate a breakfast of mashed potatoes or barley, she found that» Eating carbohydrate foods can improve memory within an hour after ingestion in healthy elderly people with relatively poor memories. » (The Human Brain). 90003 90006 Vegetables are not Carbohydrates 90007 90002 In this world of high-protein diets, it seems as if there is a big misunderstanding regarding vegetables. All too often, a follower of these diets says something like, «Yes, I eat vegetables as my carbohydrate.»Well, taking a closer look at this shows that the body is not getting the necessary carbohydrates from vegetables alone. For example, one cup of broccoli has only 5.8g of carbohydrate. The bottom line is that vegetables are not carbohydrates. Sure, they may add a few grams of carbohydrates to a meal, but they are not a carbohydrate source. For example, a slice of whole grain bread has a few grams of protein but it’s not a protein source. 90003 90006 Athletic Performance and Carbohydrates 90007 90002 When it comes to athletes and performance and their in-training fuel, once again, carbohydrates remain vitally important just as they do in everyday meals and snacks.In order to maximize and optimize performance and recovery, athletes need to continually load and reload muscle glycogen stores. This process can not happen with a low-carbohydrate / high-protein diet. According to Ashley Chambers, M.S. and Len Kravitz, PhD, muscle glycogen is the primary fuel (followed by fat) used by the body during exercise. Low muscle glycogen stores results in muscle fatigue and the body’s inability to complete high intensity exercise. The depletion of muscle glycogen is also a major contributing factor in acute muscle weakness and reduced force production.Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise decreased glycogen stores, so the need for carbohydrates is high for all types of exercise during this energy phase 90029 1 90030. Jeukendrup, PhD, and Michael Gleeson, PhD mention that there is convincing evidence from numerous studies indicating that carbohydrate feeding during exercise of about 45 minutes or longer can improve endurance capacity and performance 90029 2 90030. 90003 90002 In summary, athletes looking for maximal and optimal mental acuity, performance, recovery, body composition change and meaningful and sustainable results for a lifetime, should avoid jumping on the bandwagon of the latest food fad and diet.When it comes to nutrition, there are three key components to be spot-on with when it comes to daily nutrition: 90003 90036 90037 The proper eating frequency. 90038 90037 The proper nutrient timing. When it comes to eating frequency and nutrient timing keep it simple. Fuel up immediately upon awakening and then every 2.5-3.5 hours thereafter. Being accurate with eating frequency and nutrient timing, helps assist the body in stabilizing blood sugar, insulin and serotonin levels. This will result in high and stable energy levels all throughout the day as well as reduced if not completely eliminated food cravings.90038 90037 The proper macronutrient balance. At every meal / snack, seek the proper balance of carbohydrate-protein-fat. Maintaining a macronutrient balance at every meal / snack that contains 45-65% calories from carbohydrate, 15-30% calories from protein and 15-30% calories from fat will help to stabilize blood sugar, insulin and serotonin levels. This will help to properly load and reload muscle glycogen stores. 90038 90043 90002 Proper fueling is important for endurance athletes to be able to put in the hard hours day in and day out.Do not be afraid of carbohydrates, avoid the 70/30, 60/40 Diet-X mentality and fuel the body and brain the right way. These simple steps will help any athlete move to the next level. 90003 .
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